Drama and Theater Essay

What is drama? What are the similarities and differences between Greek Drama, Renaissance Drama, Kabuki Drama, and Contemporary Drama? Drama is tension. In the context of a play in a theatre, tension often means that the audience is expecting something to happen between the characters on stage. Will they shoot each other? Will they finally confess their undying love for one another? Drama derived from the Greek verb dran, meaning â€Å" to act† or â€Å"to do†, refers to actions or deeds as they are performed in a theatrical setting for the benefit of a body of spectators. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in opera is sung throughout; musicals include spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have regular musical accompaniment (Banham, 1998). Drama was the crowning glory of the Athenian Age. This period has been called by different terms. It has been called the Age of Pericles because Pericles was the ruling power in Athens at the time. It has been also called the Athenian Age because Athens became the white-hot literary center of Greece, and it has been called the Golden Age because the drama flourished during this period. There were three great tragic writers: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, the greatest writer of comedy the world has ever produced ( Serrano & Lapid, 1987, p. 26) Drama and Theater The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c. 550 and c. 220 BCE. It is true that there is much in human nature that loves dramatic presentation, for man loves to imitate other persons. Gestures by a narrator or an orator may be considered dramatic, but these are only disjointed actions; there is a wide step between this and dramatic actions. The Greeks gave the drama as a literary form to the world. The drama of antiquity is very different from the drama as we now know it. It had dignity, nobility, and power. It had little of the spontaneity and easy naturalness of modern plays. The Greek drama was cut up into situations or episodes, and between these episodes were choral recitations of great length. These choral recitations, though they had beauty and power, slowed the action and interrupted the forward movement of the story. The choruses however, were visually attractive. The participants, competed with each other in the splendor of their dresses and the excellence of their singing and dancing (Serrano and Lapid, 1987, p. 26-27). Some example of the Greek drama were the Story of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , by Aeschylus and The story of Oedipus The King by Sophocles (p. 28). Primary in a true appreciation of Renaissance drama is the poetry. The theatre of their day was a poetical one. Rather than being confused by the poetry we find in these plays, we need to understand why the poetical theatre was, and is, superior in expression and more powerful in emotion than a realistic one. Their stage was â€Å"conventional†or poetical while today’s stage is realistic. As an example, in Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens Timon is disgusted with mankind, hating all of the supposedly â€Å"decent† people he knows. When confronted by thieves he tells them to go about their work merrily; everyone steals, and he offers examples of thievery: I’ll example you with thievery: The sun’s a thief, and with his great attraction Robs the vast sea; the moon’s an arrant thief, And her pale fire she snatches from the sun; The sea’s a thief, whose liquid surge resolves The moon into salt tears; the earth’s a thief, That feeds and breeds by a composture stol’n From gen’ral excrement; each things’s a thief. (Timon of Athens 4. 3. 438-45). Kabuki, like other traditional forms of drama in Japan as well as in other cultures around the world, was (and sometimes still is) performed in full-day programs. Rather than attending a single play for 2–5 hours, as one might do in a modern Western-style theater, one would â€Å"escape† from the day-to-day world, devoting a full day to entertainment in the theater district. Though some plays, particularly the historical jidaimono, might go on for an entire day, most plays were shorter and would be arranged, in full or in part, alongside other plays in order to produce a full-day program. This was because it was required in kabuki play to get the audience showing different preference that is in either the history plays or domestic plays like a drama, to enjoy during the full-day program. Contemporary Drama was never very popular after World War I, drama in a realist style continued to dominate the commercial theatre, especially in the United States. Even there, however, psychological realism seemed to be the goal, and nonrealistic scenic and dramatic devices were employed to achieve this end. The plays of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams, for instance, use memory scenes, dream sequences, purely symbolic characters, projections, and the like. Even O’Neill’s later works-ostensibly realistic plays such as Long Day’s Journey into Night (produced 1956)-incorporate poetic dialogue and a carefully orchestrated background of sounds to soften the hard-edged realism. Scenery was almost always suggestive rather than realistic. European drama was not much influenced by psychological realism but was more concerned with plays of ideas, as evidenced in the works of the Italian dramatist Luigi Pirandello, the French playwrights Jean Anouilh and Jean Giraudoux, and the Belgian playwright Michel de Ghelderode. In England in the 1950s John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger (1956) became a rallying point for the postwar â€Å"angry young men†; a Vietnam trilogy of the early 1970s, by the American playwright David Rabe, expressed the anger and frustration of many towards the war in Vietnam. Under he influence of Brecht, many postwar German playwrights wrote documentary dramas that, based on historical incidents, explored the moral obligations of individuals to themselves and to society. An example is The Deputy (1963), by Rolf Hochhuth, which deals with Pope Pius XII’s silence during World War II. The contemporary drama does not purport to be easy; it insists on a greater understanding of all things pertinent to modern humanity and its relationships to religion, societal order, psychology in order to appreciate its message; however, it critically acknowledges that most of us remain ignorant to all the former. Thus, the drama instructs, irritates, challenges, and begs for intelligence in order to gain from its message. It remains didactic, combined with pleasure, but always wishing to challenge the current notions of authority. References http://www. clt. astate. edu/wnarey/modern_contemporary_drama. htm Banham, Martin, (1998 ed. ). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521434378. Serrano, Josephine and Lapid, Milagros, (1987). English Communication Arts and Skills Through World Literature. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Grading vs Marking Essay

Which is better, grades or marks? A chicken and egg question did you say? Not so much related, but definitely as difficult to answer. They say doing away with marks does away with stress, does away with the academic pressure students face. So now, the infamous rat-race has bleak chances of survival. The common complaint ,†He got just one mark more than me and got through to that prestigious college†¦Ã¢â‚¬  will no longer be heard. No more innocent lives lost because of some ridiculous cut-off marks. How wonderful. Awarding grades throughout the year to the student,they further say, takes care of the last-minute-before -exams-stress and eases pressure from the students’ minds. It does sound logical. An illness or an accident or some such unprecedented, unavoidable circumstance will not take away your chances of scoring good grades if you have been studying consistently throughout the year. But, wait a minute†¦. hat if you are one of those not so rare intelligent souls who would like to enjoy throughout the year educating themselves as it were, with lessons not so academic, and just at the last moment hit the well-trodden road with steely determination to finish the race at par with all the Chaturs of the world? My sympathies for you my friend. I am sadly aware of the powers invested to that demi-god called Teacher who wields her Grade Register ominously before your eyes everytime you are about to slip out of the clutches of Academic Righteousness to experience the normal pleasures of life. You must follow the dictum or be accursed with the lowliest grade imaginable. Surely our well-meaning educationists did not bargain for such a year-long stress-factor! The â€Å"Off with Exams† war-cry was hailed as a much-needed decision by many, including some intellectually-challenged individuals like yours truly. Now that the grading system has changed the lives of our children, we suddenly realise that just a landmark decision or a change in a system will not work wonders. It will take a long time to bring about actual change as what finally matters is the teacher-student relationship and how much education has been imparted and absorbed by the pair. Stress will only cease when our children will learn how to handle their emotions in a mature manner and be responsible for their own actions. The teacher, their guide, can only help them to learn how to best handle situations in life, which, irrespective of grades or marks, can wreak havoc or become a lesson in life, whatever they allow it to be.

Alcoholic beverage Essay Example for Free (#2)

Alcoholic beverage Essay ? The book ,The History of the World in Six Glasses by Tom Standage is a book dedicated to beverages and there impact on cultures and civilizations. Tom Standage’s intent for this non-fiction novel was to show six insignificant products that we see, use or have heard of in everyday life and bring them into a different light. Showing how they have sculpted our cultures and ways of life in the modern world. These six products were beverages ; beer, wine , spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola. These drinks affected more than just the diet of people it changed their societies and ways of living. Standage’s theory is that each one of these drinks brought on a new cultural stage. Each beverage showing different eras and how the beverage of that time impacted their way of life eventually impacting ours. Starting with beer in the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Then going to wine with Greece and Rome and spirits in the colonial times with Europians and eventually getting to America. Next, their was coffee that started in the Arab world traveling throughout Europe and finally Coca-cola which started selling its drink in America and out broke to throughout the rest of world. His intent was to show the history of the world in which humans were not nomadic in the view of six different drinks. Standage presented his thesis in a very interesting and intriguing way throughout this novel. There are six main Chapters in this book ;Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt, Wine in Greece and Rome,Spirits in the colonial Period, Coffee in the Age of Reason, Tea and the British Empire, and Coca-Cola and the Rise of America. Each main chapter has two mini chapters in them for example in the chapter Tea and the British Empire the two mini chapters are ; Empires of tea and Tea Power. Standage’s writing mostly focased on the beverages causes and effects in the different areas and lands they were most popular and developed but he would add things about the people of these times and their way of living. He also added some traditions that we have in today’s culture that were created in ancient times such as clinking glasses together for good health and happiness before drinking a glass of beer. His book shows how six measly little drinks changed humans from nomadic people who were hunter- gatherers to people who lived in cities and developed writing, government and farming. Standage showed the history of the world in six drinks hence the title A History of the World in Six Glasses. Most everyday people would think these drinks were Sarah Bedell 9/4/14 A. P. World History Mrs. Spampinato The History of the World in Six Glasses : Book Review The book ,The History of the World in Six Glasses by Tom Standage is a book dedicated to beverages and there impact on cultures and civilizations. Tom Standage’s intent for this non-fiction novel was to show six insignificant products that we see, use or have heard of in everyday life and bring them into a different light. Showing how they have sculpted our cultures and ways of life in the modern world. These six products were beverages ; beer, wine , spirits, coffee, tea, and coca-cola. These drinks affected more than just the diet of people it changed their societies and ways of living. Standage’s theory is that each one of these drinks brought on a new cultural stage. Each beverage showing different eras and how the beverage of that time impacted their way of life eventually impacting ours. Starting with beer in the first civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Then going to wine with Greece and Rome and spirits in the colonial times with Europians and eventually getting to America. Next, their was coffee that started in the Arab world traveling throughout Europe and finally Coca-cola which started selling its drink in America and out broke to throughout the rest of world. His intent was to show the history of the world in which humans were not nomadic in the view of six different drinks. Standage presented his thesis in a very interesting and intriguing way throughout this novel. There are six main Chapters in this book ;Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt, Wine in Greece and Rome,Spirits in the colonial Period, Coffee in the Age of Reason, Tea and the British Empire, and Coca-Cola and the Rise of America. Each main chapter has two mini chapters in them for example in the chapter Tea and the British Empire the two mini chapters are ; Empires of tea and Tea Power. Standage’s writing mostly focased on the beverages causes and effects in the different areas and lands they were most popular and developed but he would add things about the people of these times and their way of living. He also added some traditions that we have in today’s culture that were created in ancient times such as clinking glasses together for good health and happiness before drinking a glass of beer. His book shows how six measly little drinks changed humans from nomadic people who were hunter- gatherers to people who lived in cities and developed writing, government and farming. Standage showed the history of the world in six drinks hence the title A History of the World in Six Glasses. Alcoholic beverage. (2017, Feb 23).

Human Rights and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human Rights and Development - Essay Example Low-income countries have many issues to deal with including poverty, poor education systems, inadequate healthcare provision systems and corruption among other issues. Most low-income countries are ill equipped to deal with diseases that affect large populations especially communicable diseases. HIV/ AIDS has proven to be a very difficult issue to solve in low income countries affecting human rights and development in such countries (Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Briere & National Academies Press, 2011:29). The UN Charter on human rights states that every person has a right to good health status, which means that all people must have access to quality health care services. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has made it difficult to achieve this aspect of human rights under the UN charter. Most low-income countries are ill equipped to deal with the pandemic. Their economic status and the healthcare sector do not have enough funds, equipment and personnel to deal with HIV/AIDS. In addition to this, most low-income countries cannot afford to provide medication and the necessary healthcare services to people with HIV/AIDS considering that these countries have the highest number of people suffering from the disease (Robinson,  2011:99). This countries struggle to deal with the HIV/ AIDS pandemic on top of the fact that new infections occur at higher rates compared to the middle income and the high income countries. As such, the fulfilment or the provision of human rights to populations with HIV/ AIDS in low-income countries has become a difficult issue to accomplish. All people affected by the HIV/ AIDS including those infected and their families are entitled to access public resources that enable them to cope with the effects of HIV/ AIDS. However, low-income countries face a difficulty to provide public support to this group meaning that they suffer rejection and

The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship - Essay Example This essay discusses Orlando’s nursing model, the dynamic nurse-patient relationship, and analyzes how this theory can be applied to nursing practice at the individual, family/group, and community/population levels. Introduction Ida Jean Orlando formulated her theoretical models of nursing in relation to her theory of dynamic nurse-patient relationship, and expanded them to involve the distinctive role of nursing in patient care. She examined the aspects that reinforced or hampered the incorporation of mental health doctrine in the curriculum of basic nursing. She developed the dynamic nurse-patient relationship model to provide nursing practitioners a model of efficient nursing practice. She investigated nursing patient care on medical-surgical settings, not individuals with psychiatric disorders in psychiatric facilities (Orlando, 1961). She recognized three aspects of nursing practice: the uniqueness and creation of nursing knowledge, the professional role of nurses, and th e relationship between nurse and patient. A nursing context comprises the patient’s behavior, the nurse’s response, and all that does not alleviate the patient’s suffering. Patient distress is associated with the failure of the person to satisfy or express his/her needs. Orlando’s Nursing Model The dynamic nurse-patient relationship is derived from the assumption that the relationship between the nurse and patient is mutual, which means that the behavior or decision of one influence the other. Orlando (1961) argues that the nursing role is different from the medical role and that the response of nurses is based on the urgent needs, demands, and experience of the patient. Basically speaking, the theory claims that nursing is one-of-a-kind and autonomous because it focuses on the need of an individual for help or support, actual or probable, in an urgent condition. The manner by which nurses relieve this vulnerability is reciprocal and is performed in a clo sely controlled or profession way that requires education and expertise. Orlando (1961) argues that one’s behavior or response must be derived from reason, not set of rules. Her theory is regarded to be an interactive model for it suggests a particular practice of planned, purposeful one-to-one nurse-patient relationship to reinforce the best nursing care intended to take care of a patient’s needs. The nursing process is activated by the behavior of the patient. The behavior of a patient, regardless how trivial, should be seen as a call for help. Patient behavior could be expressed verbally and nonverbally. When a patient needs something that cannot be met without the aid of another person, vulnerability or helplessness arises. If the behavior of a patient does not clearly express a precise description of the need, then setbacks in the relationship between the nurse and patient may occur and make it hard for the nurse to sufficiently deal with the need of the patient. A better understanding, appreciation, or resolution of incapable patient behavior becomes a main concern for the nurse for the condition will probably deteriorate sooner or later and make sufficient care, or the delivery of required assistance or support, more and more problematic. The response, decision, and behavior of the nurse are aimed at alleviating unproductive patient behavior and satisfy urgent needs as well. Patient behavior triggers a nurse response, which is the beginning of the nursing process. Proper or correct nurse response is composed

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

E-commerce - Essay Example It is also based on the premise that competition is relentless and people are the most important raw materials (Morrison Institute). Today the internet is aggressively used as a channel for businesses both new and established ones; through entrepreneurial start-ups and corporate ventures. E-commerce firms are defined as those that derive a significant or rapidly growing proportion of their revenues from transactions over the internet but organizational and market phenomena have been just as influential as technology developments in the growth of e-commerce (Stace, Holtham & Courtney, 2001). Internet exchanges are beneficial not just for the customers or end users but it helps businesses to exchange and grow together. It is a platform to transact business, known as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-customer (B2C) and customer-to-customer (C2C) and has definite advantages over the traditional way of transacting business (Amit & Zott, 2000). Many firms have failed to harness the benefits of online business even though the retail segment has picked up rapidly in the last few years. The debate continues whether ecommerce complements fixed store retailing or replaces existing channels, namely the clicks and bricks channels. E-retailing has been constantly undergoing a process of innovation which has caused a threat to the established retail and distribution channels. This new form of commerce is laden with information and enables companies to speed up activities and increase their scope. The external and internal factors influence the firm’s behavior and companies can differentially obtain advantage depending upon their ability to conduct business (Burt & Sparks, 2003). A failure to operate would allow competitors to surge ahead. E-commerce can help to transform the traditional tasks and activities and the associated costs within the retain channel. The activities that are affected are the sourcing of products, stoc kholding, inventory

Scholarly database search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scholarly database search - Essay Example Furthermore, JSTOR (short for â€Å"journal storage†) in a non- profit service especially dedicated to offer a trusted digital archive with scholarly content to researchers, students, and professionals. The inclusion of articles in its database collections are developed through the participation of many publishers and other organizations. There is also a free access to most of the articles, which makes it advantageous to student users. The incidence rate of device- associated infection (VAP and CAUTI) is recorded lower in nine Colombian hospitals than other hospital ICUs in Latin American countries, based on the records of the National Nosocomial Surveillance System (NNIS). However, this rate is still comparably higher than that in the US ICUs. Thus, this finding necessitates policy improvements on infection control in Colombia (Moreno et al., 2006). In one recent active DAI surveillance study in two ICUs in Cuba (Rosenthal et al., 2010), rates of VAP, CLAB, and CAUTI, were carefully analyzed against CDC- National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) rates. Related information on microorganism profile, bacterial resistance, extended length of stay, and extra mortality were also considered. Results showed that VAP, CLAB, and CAUTI rates are lower than INICC rates. Compared to NHSN rates, VAP rate scored higher, while CLAB rates lower, and CAUTI rates similar. Lastly, there was a significant direct correlation between VAP increase and the LOS and mortality rate. Moreno,  C. à ., Rosenthal, V.  D.,   Olarte,  N.,   Gomez,  W. V.  , Sussmann,  O., Agudelo, J.  G., †¦ Henrà ­quez,  D. (2006). Device†associated infection rate and mortality in Intensive Care Units of 9 Colombian hospitals: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 27 (4), 349-356. doi:

General motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

General motors - Essay Example At one point, GM was the largest corporation in the United States. It was also the single largest employer in the world but despite being industry leaders for several years, GM could not sustain competition from European and Japanese car makers. The company was beset with financial woes and in November 2005, GM had to lay off 30,000 employees and several plants had to be shut down. This is when its decline started which led to a complete restructuring of the company following the financial crisis in 2008. In this paper, after a brief history of the company, the financial crisis that the company faced and how it handled the situation would be evaluated. General Motors was incorporated on September 16, 1908 in New Jersey by William Capro Durant, a school drop-out. However during this period the auto industry in the US was in a mess with 45 different car companies already existing in the United States. By 1920s the demand for cars was high and GM brought in innovation in design and marketing. They introduced ‘a car for every purse and purpose’ and thus had Chevrolet, Vauxhall and Opel under its banner. The introduction of the Cadillac in 1927 made people see cars as more than a mode of transport. GM’s commitment to innovation continued even during the difficult times. Challenges gave way to changes during the 1960s and 70s as environmental concerns and competition from foreign car makers forced GM to reengineer its cars. This led to much lighter, aerodynamic and more fuel-efficient vehicles. Several innovative concepts were introduced by GM such as air bags, the use of unleaded gasoline while its contribution in r educing emissions is also recognized. In 1990, GM also introduced electric cars. However, as GM recognized the challenges in the US market, it started international expansion by opening its first production unit in Spain in 1982. This was the era of globalization when GM also formed joint ventures

Marketing and Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing and Marketing Communications - Essay Example Raising visibility requires the same press release appearing in all credible newspapers, the same commercial over all television channels, the same radio jingle over all radio channels, similar hoardings in all important shopping malls etc. Credibility calls for faultless service to the customer. It requires adherence to quality and reliability. Recently Honda Motor Company, Japan's second largest auto maker, recalled 298,231 cars in Japan to repair a fault in the fuel pump relay that could have stopped the engine. In the recent past Microsoft launched its Windows Vista operating software amidst much fanfare and media glare, which raised the level of visibility for the product. Part-II (Three questions to be answered out of six) Ans-2: Internal and External factors influencing Pricing decisions Pricing is a very crucial aspect for managing the business. While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting...While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting pricing decisions include the existing pricing strategy resorted to by the competitors/ alternative products, market profile, customer's buying power, geographical conditions, economic policies prevailing in the country/ market, legal provisions for carrying out business in the market, acceptability of the product in the market, number of competitors and their profit margins etc. Tender Pricing: This type of pricing is based on actual costs of different sub tasks in producing the product.

Application essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Application - Essay Example Similarly, the college has a well-versed faculty, with long time experience both in the profession and in the classroom. The faculty ensures that the students channeled out are ready to face the challenges of the market. With innovative technology, modern classrooms, and friendly staff, I believe the college has the best future for me. My personal interest in the pharmaceutical field is rooted in my desire to leave a mark for the improvement of others health. During high school, I was party to the school’s first aid team, and it is where my interest in the profession grew. I have had the prerogative of fostering my interest by attending various community health seminars, giving me an advantage in the profession. I prefer to pursue a career that provides my life with both meaning and satisfaction. My pursuit of excellence has always been realized academically. In thus profess to continue to challenge my persona with the rigorous pharmacy program at the college of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences of nova

Group Dynamics and Interaction Essay Example for Free

Group Dynamics and Interaction Essay In Week One, you will choose a generic organization (manufacturing plant, hospital, etc.). Assume that you are a hired consultant for this organization. You have been asked by the president of the organization to prepare a background paper on the results of your research and to make recommendations to improve group productivity in the organization. Your research has identified the following problems: 1. Role conflicts within groups 2. Communication problems among group members 3. Lack of cohesiveness in groups with diverse members 4. Excessive intergroup conflict In an eight- to ten-page paper, include the following: 1. Introduction clear explanation of the type of organization 2. Explanation of how each problem could impact a group’s productivity (use examples to illustrate points) 3. Recommendations to resolve each problem 4. Suggestions, based on your knowledge of group dynamics, for a company-wide training program on best practices for group productivity 5. Conclusion/Summary Do not borrow notes from other students. You might think it is okay to use notes from another student, but you can not be sure they are as diligent as you. You could be getting half the information or short cut codes that only make sense to the original note taker. In this work MGT 415 Week 5 Final Paper you will find the overview of the following topic: Group Dynamics and Interaction. Group Behavior in Organizations. Business Management Focus of the Final Paper In Week One, you will choose a generic organization (manufacturing plant, hospital, etc.). Assume that you are a hired consultant for Do not borrow notes from other students. You might think it is okay to use notes from another student, but you can not be sure they are as diligent as you. You could be getting half the information or short cut codes that only make sense to the original note taker. Business Management Focus of the Final Paper In Week One, you will choose a generic organization (manufacturing plant, hospital, etc.). Assume that you are a hired consultant for this organization. You have been asked by the president of the organization to prepare a background paper on the results of your research and to make recommendations to improve group productivity in the organization. Your research has identified the following problems: 1. Role conflicts within groups 2. Communication problems among group members 3. Lack of cohesiveness in groups with diverse members 4. Excessive intergroup conflict In an eight- to ten-page paper, include the following: 1. Introduction clear explanation of the type of organization 2. Explanation of how each problem could impact a group’s productivity (use examples to illustrate points) 3. Recommendations to resolve each problem 4. Suggestions, based on your knowledge of group dynamics, for a company-wide training program on best practices for group productivity 5. Conclusion/Summary

Example of a Reflective Writing Essay Example for Free

Example of a Reflective Writing Essay An example of good reflective writing – integration of theory with personal experience; justification and explanation of person experience using relevant theory as support; provides insight into the author’s observations of the theory; appropriate use of language; analysis of theory within the context of own experience. Organisational change and development theory suggests that models are a good way of providing change practitioners with strategies to plan, implement and move through various stages of change (Waddell, Cummings Worley, 2007). While it is arguable that models are useful in providing guidelines for change practitioners, I feel that they are not necessarily an accurate representation of how change is actually experienced in organisations. I have worked in an organisation that has been through repeated change throughout the duration of my employment. My experience of change has been somewhat different from how it is reflected in change models. For example, as an employee I have not been involved in the initial planning stages of change, nor have I been involved in diagnosis at an individual level, therefore I am unclear as to what happens during these stages. From an individual perspective, it feels as though change is planned and implemented in my organisation at the senior levels of management without adequate input or information to and from staff. Further, from my perspective, change is not experienced in a smooth manner as suggested by change models. I have experienced change that has not appeared to move beyond the unfreezing stages (Lewin, 1947), and I have also experienced change that has regressed at different stages rather than move forward. If I were to work with employees as a change practitioner, I would highlight the realities of change so that employees are aware that there are multiple experiences in addition to ‘the prominent way of viewing this process’ (McShane Travaglione, 2007, p.502) within academic references. An example of poor reflective writing – colloquial/non-academic writing style; opinion-based without justification or explanation; lack of engagement with theory; links to references not made; generalisation of opinion. In my job I have been though a lot of change and there is no way that what the change models say is right. My experiences of change have all been bad and there is no way that anybody could have had a good experience of change. I don’t think change models are useful as they pretend that change is an easy process which is different from my opinion that no change is easy. I think I can speak for everyone when I say that managers don’t manage change properly as I have never seen the stages of any models within my organisation. This might be because my manager is a poor communicator which is what all the staff think. In my opinion, change models shouldn’t be taught to students as they can only teach students to think about change in the wrong way which doesn’t help employees who have to go through it.

The Role Of An Entrepreneur In Enterprise Business Essay

The Role Of An Entrepreneur In Enterprise Business Essay An entrepreneur is a person who is the owner of a new enterprise, venture or idea and is accountable for the inherent risks and the outcome. To put it in simple words an entrepreneur is someone who seeks the opportunity, organizes resources needed for working out on that opportunity and exploits it. Computers, Television, Mobile phones, washing machines, ATMs, Credit Cards, Courier Service, and Ready to eat Foods are all examples of entrepreneurial ideas that got changed into products or services. Some of the definitions of entrepreneur have been given below: Joseph. A .Scum peter defines an entrepreneur as a person who innovates, raises money, assembles inputs, chooses managers and sets the organization going with his ability to identify opportunities which others are not able to identify and is able to make use of them. Peter Drucker defines an entrepreneur as one who always searches for a change responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur innovates. Innovation is a specific instrument of success available to entrepreneur Source: Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Characteristics of an Entrepreneur: Mental Ability Entrepreneur must have creative thinking and is able to analyze problems and situations. He should be able to foresee changes. Business Secrecy He should hide and protect his business secrets from his competitors. Clear Objectives The objectives has to be clear in his mind regarding the nature of business and goods to be produced. Human Relations The relationship between the entrepreneur, customers and employees e.t.c. has to be good. It is important to maintain personal relations, tactfulness, stability in emotions and consideration with customers, employees, etc. Communication Ability Good communication skill is the asset for any entrepreneur as it eases the understanding between anyone working or dealing within or outside the company. Source: Desai, V (2001). Dynamics of entrepreneurial development Management. Himalaya Publishing House. So we can say that an ENTREPRENEUR: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is a person who develops and owns his own enterprise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is a moderate risk taker and works under uncertainty for achieving the goal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is innovative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reflects strong urge to be independent. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Persistently tries to do something better. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dissatisfied with routine activities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prepared to withstand the hard life. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determined but patient à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exhibits sense of leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Also exhibits sense of competitiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Takes personals responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is Oriented towards the future. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tends to persist in the face to adversity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Converts a situation into opportunity. Entrepreneurship:- The word entrepreneurship is derived from the French verb Enterprendre. The French men who organised and led military expeditions in the early 16th century referred to as Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as one who undertakes innovations, finance and business insight in an effort to change innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most understandable form of entrepreneurship is that of starting a new business (referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to incorporate social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. According to A.H. Cole Entrepreneurship is the purposeful activity of an individual or group of associated individuals, undertaken to initiate, maintain or aggrandize profit by production or distribution of economic goods or services. According to Peter. P. Drucker Entrepreneurship is neither a science nor an art. It is a practice. It is knowledge base. Knowledge in entrepreneurship is a means to an end, that is, by the practice. Source: Cole A.H. (1959), Business enterprise in its social setting. Cambridge: Harvard University press. Types of Entrepreneur and their features: Business Entrepreneurs It is refers to the individuals who conceive an idea for the product or service and makes the business around it. For example Pen production and marketing. The establishment of the business can be of big and small in size. Trading Entrepreneurs It refers to the person who is not considered with manufacturing but only undertakes trading activities. He is the one who identifies market, stimulates demand for product line among buyers. Industrial Entrepreneurs Essentially a manufacturer, a person who identifies the need of a customer and tailors a product. They are the one who converts economic resources and technological resources in to profitable ventures. for example electronic industry and textile units. Corporate Entrepreneurs A person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organising and managing corporate undertaking. Agriculture Entrepreneur It refers to the person who undertakes agricultural activities as raising and marketing of crops, fertilizers etc. Example agricultural tourism and manufacturing and marketing of fertilizers. Technical Entrepreneurs Its can be considered as a craftsman. They concentrate more on production and less or negligible on sales. Source: Scott, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity Nexus, Edward Elgar STEVE JOBS Steve Jobs is an American inventor and the CEO and co-founder of Apple Inc., a primary manufacturer of electronic devices including the Macintosh Computer (MAC), iPod, iPhone, and the music and video software iTunes. He was CEO of Pixar Animation Studios until it was acquired by Disney in2006. Although he is known as a business and sales tycoon, Steve Jobs is credited with many of the electronic inventions now patented by Apple. Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on 24th February 1955 to Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian Abdulfattah John Jandali and adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. He attended the Cupertino Middle School followed by high school at Homestead H.S. in the same town of Cupertino. He spent his childhood in the South Bay area, a region that would later become known as Silicon Valley. During high school Jobs held a summer job at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto prior to attending college. His original association with Steven Wozniakbegan was a result of attending lectures and working at HP. Although he attended Reed College in Portland, Oregon, Steve Jobs never graduated, having only spent about six months at college. He returned to California in 1974 and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with his friend Wozniak. At the same time he took a job at Atari to save money for a spiritual retreat to India. While working there he discovered that a popular whistle recreated the tones needed to make long distance phone calls with ATT. Jobs convinced Wozniak to go into business with him to create blue boxes and sell them to people wishing to make free long distance phone calls. Jobs ended up backpacking through India but returned to work with Atari. He continued to work with Wozniak on other projects and finally convinced him to market a computer Wozniak had built for himself. On April 1, 1976, Apple Inc. was born. Although the business started with printed circuit boards, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs eventually created their first personal computer, the Apple I, and sold it for $666.66. They later followed it with the Apple II, a large success for their business. Apple Inc. began selling shares in December of 1980. As the company grew, so did its merchandise and the hugely successful Macintosh was introduced to the public in 1984 and became the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) through which individuals could interact with the items on the screen. Steve Jobs was the founder and inspiration for the Apple Company, but he was slowly pushed out for aggressive and underhanded tactics Employees said he had a temper, and was usually stubborn After an internal power struggle, he was eventually kicked off the board of directors Jobs protested and resigned, even though he stayed the chairmen for some time. He was so upset, he sold all but one of his Apple shares During this time, Jobs bought what became Pixar from Lucas film for $5 million He also started the computer company NeXT Computer Though it never went very mainstream, due to high costs, it was responsible for many important innovations, including NeXTMail, Jobs email program that supported embedded graphics and sounds and the original World Wide Web system (www). As Apple grew even more, Jobs experienced tension with the board and the struggles led to Jobs leaving Apple in May of 1985.Steve Jobs went on to create the company called NeXT in 1986. Although it began as a company designed around aesthetic interpersonal computing, it later focused more on software development. NeXT ended up playing a major role in the development of email and the worldwide web. In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucas films computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital. In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996 bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. He soon became Apples interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO Apple bought NeXT in 1996 and reinstated Jobs as the Chief Executive Officer. His current annual salary is $1, but he receives executive gifts from the board that give better tax advantages than does his salary. He is well known for his work ethic as well as his bad temper, but has consistently helped to grow Apple from a company bordering on bankruptcy in the 1990s to a very successful company today. Steve Jobs has helped establish the new electronic divisions and personally helped to create the iPod, iphone, and other personal devices. Source: Steve Jobs, (2011). Long Bio [Online] Available at: http://www.allaboutstevejobs.com/bio/long/01.html ( Accessed: 23 March 2011) Achievements:- He was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in1984 with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honour) and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under (aka the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987. On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune Magazine. On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. In August 2009, Jobs was selected the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers on a survey by Junior Achievement. On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune Magazine. In November 2009 Jobs was ranked #57 on Forbes: The Worlds Most Powerful People. In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010. Steve is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Lowest Paid Chief Executive Officer, with a salary of just $1. Source: Pena, M. (2005). Steve Jobs to 2005 graduates: Stay Hungry, stay foolish [online]. Available at: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/grad-061505.html (Accessed: 24th March 2011) Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur:- It is evident that most of the entrepreneurs come from the various age levels, income levels, genders and race and from different ethical backgrounds. They have their own set of personal attributes which includes: Creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership style, passion, self- confidence and smart these all attributes makes them stand out of the crowd. Creativity:- In todays fast paced world competitive business environment requires companies to implement the process of innovation- It is a process of generating a new idea leading to start or make, a new or existing business firm or idea to reach a new successful level. Dedication: Success in any business can be achieved by the conscious effort and dedication. Any entrepreneur always does the things on right time with right planning and ideas adjoined with the hard work, this leads business to a successful venture. Dedication towards work encourages them to work hard. For them money is not the priority, its the rewards which plays the vital role. Flexibility:- It is very important for business because sometimes situation demands changes in plans and strategy, entrepreneur should use flexibility in order to correct mistakes, errors and in efficiencies. It is a way of handling a business with authority to change when the system demands. A Successful entrepreneur always has to be ready to make any changes according to the customers demand. Example:- Apple first comes up with the IPod in the market but when they realize that there is a market demand for Phone incorporated with the media player, they introduced their new invention Iphone . Leadership: According to Steve Jobs, Focus is critical for effective leadership, with so many options choosing the right one can be extremely difficult. Small changes can have big results, if you focus on the key issues and execute relentlessly on those key issues. To focus on the most important issues means you have to say not to a whole range of alternative opportunities. As a leader you have to be ready for setbacks. Setbacks are the part of life and whether you become successful or not often depend on your ability not to give up. It is a attribute to show that Never-say-die team. Source: HGIC (2011). Steve Jobs, Entrepreneur(Reed College) [Online]. Available at: http://geekornot.com/corporate/steve-jobs-entrepreneur-reed-college/ (Accessed 26th march 2011) Leadership Style:- Autocratic style: Steve jobs admit that he used to handle incredible amount of workforce, at a time up to 100 individuals reports directly to him. The fact that there are so many individuals reports to him directly represents his will and eagerness to hold the command in his hands. Total control is the certainly the basis of leadership. Transformational style: Steve jobs has transformed many companies in to a success stories. He brings major positive changes in the company. For example he has transformed Pixar in to a success story. In transformation he enabled others to look out for each other, to be encouraging and harmonious, and to look out company as a whole. Passion: Steve jobs is very much passionate about whatever he is working on. This is very evident with his cocky attitude and lack of humane quality of a transformational leader. He enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his follower group. Some people characterize him as a charismatic leader because of his passion for work. Source: David Kramer. DK (2010). Leadership behaviour and attitude of Steve jobs. WordPress 15th February [Online]. Available at: http://davidkramer.wordpress.com/2010/02/15/leadership-behaviours-and-attitudes-of-steve-jobs/ (Accessed: 1st April 2011) Management Strategy of Steve Jobs:- In an interview with Fortune, Steve jobs opened up his management style, The things which he said is illustrated below:- SWOT analysis you should know about your strengths and weaknesses as soon as u start a company. Spotting opportunities We need to spot the opportunities for improvement. You have to spot them and then create an environment to leverage that opportunity and to make it happen. Improve Productivity as an entrepreneur we should know what customers want and how to improve our own productivity. Look for the ideas which can improve your team and customers. Competitive advantage taking help with the IT or making their platform i.e. hardware or software systems closed can create a competitive advantage. Succession planning planning includes working together for a common goal. It is important to have succession planning so that business can run even at the time of unfortunate event. Focus focus on the most important issues which are relevant to the business and avoid issues and projects which not add value to the business. Talent acquisition Steve jobs always look for the talent who are strategically fit for the business and can be a good fit in the culture of the company. Always welcome open hands for the new talent so that the new hiring will not feel difficult to adjust. Handling barriers and roadblocks In many cases that could mean stopping projects altogether to take stock of current situations or to change the direction. There is no shame in that as the project has to deliver the projects core objective. Customer conversion It refers to utilisation of companys resources and potential in such a way which can create opportunities in attracting additional customers. Source:- CNN (2008). Americas most admired companies: Steve Jobs speaks out [online] Available at: http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0803/gallery.jobsqna.fortune/ (Accessed: 3rd April 2011) Comparison with Bill Gates It is obvious that Bill Gates and Steve Jobs have very different personalities. There are however, interesting parallels. For example, they both started with one business partner each who shared a common vision. To me though, the most important thing they both share is that they positioned themselves at the right time to take advantage of a massive growth surge in personal computing. Steve jobs and bill gates have both worked very hard to fulfil their vision to develop personal computers, but the way they choose things and makes decisions are somewhat different. Steve Jobs invented the Apple computer, which was one of the earliest personal computers, he also invented the Mac Book and of course the ever popular iPhone. While Bill Gates invented the Microsoft Windows operating system as well as the first mass produced personal computers. Both of these business tycoons are extremely rich, however, Bill Gates wealth is by far the biggest. Hes estimated to have assets over $50 billion dollars. However, a Steve Jobs only has $5 billion dollars worth of assets. Steve Jobs leadership is autocratic style, because he centralizes the authority, he never given a chance to subordinate to involving decision making. He thinks that whatever he do is right. Sometimes he acts as anti Gates, and sometimes request Microsoft to develop software for his computer. His cocky attitude and lack of management skills became a threat of APPLES success. On the other hand Bill Gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinate in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Gates is a strong and energizing person his enthusiasm, hard working nature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. Source: Recomparison. (No date) Steve Jobs vs. Bill gates [Online] Available at: http://recomparison.com/comparisons/100295/steve-jobs-vs-bill-gates/ (Accessed: 8th April 2011) Task 2 The criterias used by Steve Jobs for selecting and implementing new business ventures:- No business comes in to existence without any purpose. The main primary common purpose for any business is making profits. To satisfy that need and the needs of customers companies put more emphasize on providing high quality products, goods and services. It would be not correct to say that the main priority for a business is to make money. Definitely a company needs profits to continue, but profits are not what business is for. No business sticks to the same strategy that what it adapted initially. Most of the business changes their policies and strategies according to the change in a business environment. Do what you love to do Do things which you really like to do. Put your heart and soul in it. Be different Stand out from the crowd by making different things and working differently. Do your best Always give your best whenever you indulge in a work. Hard work gives success and success generates more success. Be hungry for success and hire people with passion for excellence. Make SWOT Analysis Perform SWOT analysis of the work. Make list of strengths and weaknesses of your company. Dont hesitate to fire people who are not good for the company. Start small, think big Dont go for everything in one go, start by small and gradually stride towards the main big goal. Dont think about the today only Aim at the future. Strive to become market leader Make efforts to grab things which can give your business a competitive advantage over competitors. For example use the better technology available in the market. Focus on the outcome people judge you by performance. So focus on giving a good outcome. If the users dont know about your product or its feature then advertise it. Show them how it works. Ask for feedback Ask customers first. They can give you a proper feedback that what they like about your product and what they dislikes. Use feedbacks for future developments. Innovate Concentrate on the things which are better and are really useful to the business. Avoid things which can put you on the wrong track. Try to hire and make things which nobody have thought of. Learn from failures Innovations sometimes leads to mistakes. So admit it quickly and use measures to avoid it resulting in improved innovations. Source: Young, Jeffery S. (1988). Steve Jobs, the Journey Is the Reward. Lynx Books Important aspects to look before venturing a new market:- Need for the product or service Whether youre starting a new product, service or organization, there needs to be a strong market for it. One should always check and verify needs in the market for the particular product or service. Youll have to have enough evidence to convince an investor or funder or to yourself that yes there is really a need in the market. The nature of the product, who are the competitors and what makes your product different or more needed by the customer. For example increasing demand for palmtops leads Steve jobs to introduce I Pad in the market. The basic purpose of the business if you are starting a new business then you have to state the purpose of your business, mission statement has to be there. All the goals and objectives have to be pre-defined. Risk involvement What are the risks to the business if the product didnt work in market as expected. Risk from existing competitors in the market. Insurance cover has to be there to curb up the losses incurred. Steve jobs did took the risk of competing with Microsoft. Financial status for business planning Analyse the balance sheets, cash flow statements and income statements. It will help in knowing that where the business stands in financial terms. Are there sufficient finances available for making new moves. This will give the clear picture of the performance of business. Human resource- Look for the individuals who are best in that very field. Avoid those who can do what everybody is doing. Try those individuals who do things better, can work effectively and efficiently, generate innovative ideas. Steve Jobs has also performed talent scout to reach those people who are highly skilled and can work better than others. Market Trend Entrepreneur should know the trends going on in the market. This can leads a business in to profit maximization. For example when Steve Jobs found that there is a need and trend for a phone with built-in media player, he then comes up with the innovative idea of Iphone. Source: Chavez, J. (No Date). Apple CEO Steve Jobs demonstrates the Millionaire Mindset [Online]. Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?Apple-CEO-Steve-Jobs-Demonstrates-the-Millionaire-MindsetHYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Apple-CEO-Steve-Jobs-Demonstrates-the-Millionaire-Mindsetid=1682475HYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Apple-CEO-Steve-Jobs-Demonstrates-the-Millionaire-Mindsetid=1682475id=1682475 (Accessed: 4th April 2011). Conclusion:- Steve Jobs is unquestionably an extraordinary man by any standard. He has left his mark on no less than five industries: personal computers with Apple II and Macintosh, music with iPod and iTunes, phone with iPhone, and animation with Pixar. The middle-class hippie kid who left his education in between and built a computer empire and became a multi-millionaire in a few years, was fired from his own company before coming back a decade later to save it and turn it into one of the worlds most influential corporations, with millions of fans around the world. He has also contributed to the creation of the new leader in animated movies for decades to come. He has been called a fluke for years, but is now widely acknowledged as one the worlds most eminent business executives and an unrivalled visionary. He has changed millions of lives by making technology easy-to-use, exciting and beautiful.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And you know what the best part is? Hes not done yet. Source: The Business Library (No Date). Great Entrepreneurs: Steve Jobs Apple Founder [Online] Available at: http://www.thebusinesslibrary.co.uk/great-entrepreneurs/steve-jobs (Accessed 5th April 2011)

Americans Attitude Change in the 60s Essay -- essays research papers

Question 1: For many Americans, the 1960s began with JFK’s â€Å"Age of Camelot,† an era that seemed to exude confidence in American institutions. Yet, by the early 1970s, those expectations and attitudes seemed to be replaced by a sense of bitterness and cynicism. Discuss and analyze the causes and consequences of this profound attitudinal shift. Question 3: How did official US policy towards Vietnam change between 1950 and 1975? How did American leaders link events in Vietnam to national security interests? How did the American public react to the war in the sixties and early seventies? Answer: These two questions are so intertwined with one another that combining the two answers is the most efficient way of telling the story. Vietnam was a legacy of Kennedy and a primary reason for the split in American society. I think one of the biggest reasons for such a change in American’s ideas and confidence comes from a major generational gap. The difference between the WWII era citizens (â€Å"the greatest generation†) and their children (â€Å"baby boomers†) is dramatic and holds within itself some of the keys to the answer. The answer also lies within sociological and political changes that occurred in and around the 60’s. During WWII, America had devoted itself almost entirely to the war effort. Countless numbers of able-bodied men were in the service in the Pacific and European theaters. Millions of women went to work in the factories and industries that had converted to full time war production. Food and raw materials such as rubber and oil were rationed and sacrificed. It is an easy conclusion to draw that WWII had affected every American. Like the previous generation, this last war was seen as the war to end wars. It was the bloodiest in all of humanity. Millions upon millions were killed. Entire European nations were wiped out. In America, returning troops and civilians though America had fought and won the â€Å"good† fight. In the late forties, and entire generation was born into one of the most prosperous times in American history. This new generation, which would come of age during the 1960’s, grew up with a different perspective for America. In such a prosperous time, more people went to college than ever before. People had more time and money to begin analyzing social issues with a greater sense of criticism. Following the victories of the U.S., Britain, Fren... ...74, congress begins to line up for impeachment. Barry Goldwater, a fellow Republican, tells Nixon that the Republicans in Congress won’t be backing Nixon. Upon Learning of this, Nixon resigns. This coup-de-tat is the last of the blows to the image of the American Government to the citizens. Throughout the sixties, the social climate of America changed. The decade started out with hope for the future. Kennedy symbolized youth and prosperity in America. His social beliefs and strong stance on communism allowed Americans to have hope for the future and belief in their government. However after Kennedy’s death, Johnson’s strong social programs were no match for the Vietnam Conflict. As the conflict itself changed from one of containment to one of full scale war, Americans were deceived into believing the war was going their way. As social issues of the day worsened, the new generation took to the streets to protest and become involved. When Nixon became president, the country was given even more chaos and scandal with Watergate and belief in the government failed. All of the events of the sixties symbolize the change from hope and belief in the government to the change to distain.

Outside the Law: Women Criminals in Arizona History :: Essays Papers

Outside the Law: Women Criminals in Arizona History Throughout history, men and women have often been stereotyped into specific roles. Men have frequently been characterized as being more forceful and violent than their female counterparts. Men have also often been portrayed as adventurous pioneers while women were considered to be more frail and delicate. Nowhere has this stereotype been more prevalent than in Arizona history. In the years before statehood, Arizona's reputation as part of the "Wild West" was legendary. From stagecoach robberies and saloon fights to the shootout at Tombstone, the early days of the Arizona territory are filled with stories of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Of course, most of these stories involve the men of Arizona history. Men were typically cast both as the mysterious bad guys who robbed the stage, and as the noble sheriffs who struggled to uphold the law. Women, when they were remembered at all, were most frequently cast as virtuous pioneer women, struggling to retain femininity in the rough Arizona frontier, or as wanton saloon women with few redeeming characteristics. As can be expected, however, most of these stereotypes of women in Arizona history are sorely misguided. It is true that women in the nineteenth century were expected to abide by certain standards of 'womanhood'. According to Paul Knepper in his article, "The Women of Yuma: Gender, Ethnicity, and Imprisonment in Frontier Arizona, 1876-1909", these standards were "...the cardinal virtues of submissiveness, piety, purity, and domesticity" (241). Women in the Arizona territory had the doubly difficult duty of being expected to abide by these standards of womanhood while simultaneously fighting an undeveloped territory where any signs of weakness were shunned. There was a group of women in nineteenth century Arizona who did not fit this stereotype of female passivity and decorum. These were women who, for one reason or another, broke the law and were branded as criminals. Some of these women broke the law deliberately with shocking disregard to personal life or property. Others broke the law reluctantly, only trying to feed themselves or their families. Yet others were victims of an unfair morality bias against women. When they were punished for their crimes, some of them received leniency from the court based on their gender, while others were made to suffer horrible indignities because the system had no place for women criminals.

Paris During the Terror Essay -- Papers Paris France Terror Essays Pap

Paris During the Terror This document in its original form as a speech is an unpublished document. However, because it has been translated and printed as a part of a book, it is now a published document. As a source for study, it has several strengths. Firstly, it is now a part of a recognized historical document. Secondly, it fulfills the criteria of being a relevant document because of the author’s proximity to the Paris Terror. It also provides good clues about the view points (however biased) of Jacques Roux and others like him living in Paris at that time. On the other hand, while this speech’s translation into English will ensure it reaches a wider audience, important nuances of the French language may have been lost in the crossover. As a result, significant connotations gained from a choice of French words may no longer be obvious and this may even affect the amount of unwitting testimony one might have been able to extract from it. Another weakness this speech will have is its bias. It is very obvious that Jacques Roux is passionate about the role of the government in the persecution of his people. The reader is presented with one side of the struggle without being aware of whether the government was in fact guilty of what it is charged with. The foot notes are also open to interpretation. How sure can the reader be of the accuracy of the information? While reading Jacques Roux’s speech, it may be difficult to decipher certain terms, one of which is the sans culottes. If one investigates, one will be faced with the task of interpreting which version was meant and used by Roux. In order to truly underst... ... by law’, merchants and traders should bear some moral responsibility towards the poverty stricken citizens of Paris. Although much of what Roux says can be checked against other documents of the era, his speech would be of significant use to a historian as except for the translation to English, it has not been manipulated in terms of personal interpretations or open to discussion. It is mainly for this reason that for a historian, Jacques Roux’s speech is a minefield of information about the personal struggles of a Parisian living during the Terror. Bibliography An Introduction to the Humanities. History, Classicism and Revolution. Block 3. Open University Press.1997 An Introduction to the Humanities. Resource Book 2. Open University Press. 1997 www.library.ttu.edu/ul/subjects/humanities/history/

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay

The relationship between critical thinking and ethics is important because it determines the right and wrong of a decision based on personal recognition of basic human rights. To become a good critical thinker we must analyze and observe, evaluate, and take a moment to separate or own bias beliefs from the issue at hand. Critical Thinking is defined as â€Å"The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.† The effects of our decisions have major consequences on a surrounding body of people, and the work place environment. Issues arise when our thinking fails to keep pace with reality. Personal ethics helps assist with my decision making. It guides me to participate in actions that meet my moral standards. Ethics helps me consider the impact of my actions on an individual. The foundation of ethical thinking involves having choice and balance in your decisions. Ethics can also apply to our social and professional environment. It gives us an understanding of others opinions and gives us the ability to have an open mind to new ideas and experiences. Ethics gives recognition of the long term or short term impact are choices can have. Applying ethics allows us to accept the responsibility for the choices we make. As humans we all are faced with imperfections, it’s what we do to fix our mistakes that set us apart. In the Ethical Lens Inventory my blind spot pointed out that â€Å"I believed my motives justified methods or my own good was good enough.† Meaning I sometimes fail to be held accountable to the people that depend most on me. I become narrow minded and don’t see my method of thinking to be incorrect. By learning the steps in critical thinking I can learn to be more balanced in my reasoning skills. I can still stay determined in fulfilling my duties while achieving the greater good for other individuals. In the critical thinking process there are six steps that can be taken to insure success in everyday decision making. Step one and two describes remembering and understanding. Taking the time to listen to what is being  presented to you and fully understanding where the person is coming from or the information that is being given to you, is the first step to critical thinking. Third and Fourth step describes applying and analyzing. Practice problem solving, and identify the cause and effect of the information being given. Learn to recognize the emotional payoff by applying what was being directed to you. The Final step are evaluating and creating. Process the context of your thinking. Review what was said and reflect on it. Lastly be creative in your response. After processing all the information that was being given to you mesh all the necessary steps together and come up with a knowledgeable response. Remembering that ethics and critical thinking determines what is right and wron g in our everyday decision making and can prevent long term effects and can helps us arrive to reasonable conclusions. Bibliography 1) http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/our-concept-of-critical-thinking/411 2) Becoming a Master Student,ch.7 ISBN:9781285193892 Authors: Dave Ellis, Doug Toft Copyright Cengage learning(2015)

Ukrainian Wedding

The traditional Ukrainian nuptialss disagree in details, nevertheless all of them trace the same pattern in the piece of espousals serves. The very first action of the Ukrainian marriage ceremony is a form-only(prenominal) engage custodyt. The coach invites two married men (they call them starosty) to visit the basis of the bride and to point her p arnts for her hand in marriage. The wedding rite starts at least one week after engagement. Usually on atomic number 90 or Friday they bake special wedding ritual bread korovai. forrader the wedding both groom and bride have screen parties with their close fri terminates.At the girl political society (divych vechir) they make a ritual channelize (giltse). Together with korovai it stays on the wedding table as a symbolisation of youth and beauty of the bride and groom. Saturday and Sunday be the days of the church service or the main civil marriage ceremony. Before the church ceremony, the bride, the groom and their f amilies meet at the home of the brides parents for the favor, the blahoslovenya. At the blessing, the parents express their acclaim and good wishes for the couple. The most touching and crucial moment to the couple, their parents, friends and relatives is the church ceremony.The priest blesses the reinvigoreatd family for happiness, health, luck, faithfulness, understanding, love and respect for each other. Gods blessing is the most important blessing for the rising family. After the ceremony the groom takes the bride to her parents home and returns to his own home. Both families have meal with their friends and relatives. After meal it is time for the groom to take a wedding look at (poizd) and bring his bride to his home. The most joyful, surprising and upset(prenominal) things may happen this chargeing.There are many fun wedding party traditions involving everybody. Little children adore weddings of their older sister or brothers, because this is the time for them to st eal a brides shoe and then remove any ransom for it. The party takes place in a restaurant, cafe, at the home of the bridegroom or bride. All the clients deduct with gifts. The word Vesillja is derived from fun. The wedding (vesillya) was meant to be fun for the young couple too, but the newlyweds in ancient times did non have the right to drink anything bitter.They ate honey, bread and they had a little booze for the evening, but nothing more. There is unremarkably a master of ceremonies, the starosta, who plans the party with toasts, unfading jokes and games, making sure that every guest is involved. Dancing continues often until morning. At the end of the wedding party guests sing the call option called Mnohaya Lita. It is a song of good wishes and essence many happy years. snip changes, so do traditions. But even today every wedding in Ukraine has the elements of the ancient rituals preserved by masses memory.

The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations

The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations The Emerging Trends or Challenges in the Management of Organizations INTRODUCTION Organizational Behavior studies brood the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. Whenever battalion interact in organizations, m either factors come into tackle. Modern organisational studies blast to generalize and model these factors. Like all modernist hearty sciences, organisational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. in that location is whatever enmity all all over the ethics of controlling utilisati whizzrs fashion.As much(prenominal), organisational bearing has at cartridge holders been acc practice sessiond of being the scientific tool of the powerful. Those accusations notwithstanding, Organizational behavior arse play a major role in organizational bring onment and achiever. whizz of the main goals of organizational theorisers is, tally to Simms ( 1994) to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life. An organizational theorist should c befully consider levels assumptions being made in theory, and is concerned to help rulers and administrators. 1 Organizational behavior is soon a growing field.Organizational studies de servingments generally form amic commensurate do work of wrinkle schools, although many universities likewise pee industrial psychology and industrial economics programs. The field is passing influential in the business humankind. Organizational behavior is becoming more than(prenominal) important in the global economy as multitude with respective(a) backgrounds and hea accordinglyish values fetch to play together effectively and efficiently. It is also under increasing criticism as a field for its ethnocentric and pro-capitalist assumptions. Views on wariness realize changed substantially over the past coke oddly in the past few deca des.Organizations consent entered a clean era characterized by quick, dramatic and turbulent changes. The accelerated pace of change has vary how deform is performed by employees in diverse organizations. potpourri has truly become an inherent and integral part of organizational life. Several rising trends atomic number 18 impacting organizational life. Of these emerging trends, five volition be examined in this paper globalization, diverseness, flexibility, flat, and net ferments. These five emerging trends create emphasiss for organizational leaders and employees as they go through waves of changes in their organizations.These strains present opportunities as salubrious as threats, and if these emphasiss be not managed well, they will result in non accommodateive and dire organizational outcomes at the end of any change figure out. CHALLENGES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS GLOBALIZATION Organizations pop kill in a global economy that is characterized by gre at and more intense competition, and at the analogous time, great economic interdependence and collaboration. More products and act as atomic number 18 being consumed extracurricular of their country of product line than ever before as globalization brings just about great convergence in call of consumer tastes and preferences.Yet at the same time, in the midst of greater convergence, in that location is the opposite force of divergence at work where companies get under ones skin to adapt corporate and business strategies, selling plans, and production efforts to local anaesthetic domestic help securities industrys. To stay war-ridden, more organizations ar embracing offshore outsourcing. Many functions ar being shifted to India, the Philippines, Malaysia, and new(prenominal) countries for their low labor cost, senior high school gear levels of manpower education, and technological vantages.According to the 2002-2003 Society for Human vision Management (SHR M) Workplace Forecast, companies much(prenominal) as Ford, full general Motors, and Nestle employ more mess outside of their headquarters countries than within those countries. 1 Al to the highest degree any company, whether in manufacturing or services, provoke find some part of its work that squeeze out be through off site. Communication and information sharing argon occurring a peril the globe in multiple languages and multiple cultures. world(prenominal) competition and global cooperation coexist in the new world economy.One major takings of globalization is greater mobility in international capital and labor markets. This creates a global marketplace where at that place is more opportunity, because there are more potential customers. However, there is also more competition, as local companies cook to deal with foreign companies for customers. According to Dani Rodrik, professor of international policy-making economy at Harvards Kennedy School of Government, the pro cesses associated with the global integrating of markets for goods, services, and capital have created two sources of tautnesss. 1 First, reduced barriers to bargain and investment accentuate the asymmetries amidst groups that stand cross international borders, and those that cannot. In the first category are owners of capital, highly mean workers, and many victors. Unskilled and semiskilled(prenominal) workers and most middle managers belong in the gage category. 1 Second, globalization engenders conflicts within and amidst nations over domestic norms and the social institutions that embody them.As the technology for manufactured goods becomes order and diffused internationally, nations with very different sets of values, norms, institutions, and collective preferences flummox to compete head on in markets for quasi(prenominal) goods. Trade becomes contentious when it unleashes forces that undermine the norms implicit in local or domestic workplace practices. 1 prof Rod rik concluded that the most serious contest for the world economy in the years ahead lies in making globalization compatible with domestic social and political stability (Rodrik 1997, p. 2).This implies ensuring that international economic integration does not lead to domestic social radioactive decay. Organizations that are confronted with this challenge will have to manage the tension created by the global integration versus local disintegration dilemma. The overall picture as a consequence of globalization is one of turbulence and uncertainty, in which a variety of contradictory processes present a vast range of both opportunities and threats that defy established ways of doing business and working in organizations. Integration and forcing out coexist uneasily side-by-side in organizations.For example, many unmingled dichotomies or paradoxescompetitions versus collaboration, market forces versus state intervention, global actions versus local solutionsare losing their sharp edges as contradictory forces count to converge and reinforce distributively other in organizations across the globe. Companies that compete fiercely in some markets form strategic alliances in others government direction and regulation are use upd to wreak markets work effectively and think globally, act locally has been adopt as business strategy (or as a mantra) to deal with the challenges of doing business in the globalize economy.As organizations transform themselves to stay free-enterprise(a), they will bring to confront and break down some, if not all, of these dichotomies or paradoxes. 1 On another level, because of globalization, the fates of people living and working in different part of the world are becoming intertwined. Global events whitethorn have significant local impact. September 11, 2001 has been called the twenty-four hours that changed the world. Heightened security concerns are changing expectations for people in organizations, and the role of organ izations themselves.The threat of terrorism continues to be an ongoing concern worldwide. It has created a renewed concenter on workplace security as employees hold up a heightened sense of vulnerability in the workplace. Employee supervise and screening are occurring more frequently. Concern over travel for business purposes is resulting in the increased use of alternate forms of communication such as teleconferencing and videoconferencing. 1 DIVERSITY Globalization is impacting how organizations compete with severally other.In conclave with changing demographics, globalization is causing a rapid increase in variety show in organizations. neer before have people been required to work together with colleagues and customers from so many different cultures and countries. renewal is moving American society away from aggregate society to Mosaic society. Organizations reflect this mosaic society in their more diverse workforce (in terms of not only race, ethnic or culture but a lso in terms of age, sexual orientation, and other demographic variables).More than ever, people have to interact and communicate with others who come from diverse backgrounds. This in turn has meant that employees take away new relational skills to succeed. An emerging stream of research in international solicitude has called these new relational skills cultural intelligence. pagan intelligence is defined as the capability to adapt effectively across different national, organizational and professional cultures (Earley, Ang and Tan, 2005). More managers take up global work assignments in industries around the world.They learn how to work with people who not only think and communicate otherwise but also do things differently. Managers will take away to develop their cultural intelligence to manage greater revolution in organizations. 1 Diversity in organizations will continue to increase. The world population is growing at a high rate in ontogenesis countries, while remaining s table or decrease in the developed world. The result will be income inequities and economic opportunity leading to increased immigration and migration within and between nations.More temporary workers will be used for specific tasks, and there will be a greater demand for highly skilled workers. People of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds experience different attitudes, values, and norms. Increasing cultural vicissitude in both public and private sector organizations focuses perplexity on the distinctions between ethnic and cultural groups in their attitudes and performance at work. This greater focus can result in the tension between finding similarities and accentuating conflicts in the face of greater diversity in organizations.There is an on-going debate between the heterogenists and the homogenists concerning the impact of greater diversity in organizations. The heterogenists contend that diverse or composite groups in organizations have performance advantages ov er analogous groups while the homogenists take the opposing viewthat homogeneous groups are more advantageous than heterogeneous or diverse groups in organizations. 2 According to the heterogenists, organizations with greater diversity have an advantage in attracting and retaining the best on tap(predicate) human talent.The exceptional capabilities of women and minorities offer a risque labor pool for organizations to tap. When organizations attract, retain, and promote maximum utilization of people from diverse cultural backgrounds, they gain competitive advantage and sustain the highest musical note of human resources. 2 Organizations with greater diversity can understand and penetrate wider and raise markets. Not only do these organizations embrace a diverse workforce internally, they are better desirable to serve a diverse external clientele.Organizations with greater diversity also display higher creativity and innovation. Especially in research-oriented and high technol ogy organizations, the stray of talents provided by a gender- and ethnic-diverse organization becomes invaluable. Heterogeneous or diverse groups display better problem declaration ability as they are more loose of avoiding the consequences of groupthink, compared to highly cohesive and homogeneous groups that are more susceptible to conformity. 2 On the other hand, greater organizational diversity has its drawbacks.With the benefits of diversity come organizational cost. in like manner much diversity can lead to nonadaptive outcomes. Diversity increases ambiguity, complexness, and confusion. Organizations with greater diversity whitethorn have difficulty reaching consensus and implementing solutions. In many organizations, diversity can produce blackball dynamics such as ethnocentrism, stereotyping and cultural clashes. 2 The homogenists argue that homogeneous groups very much outperform culturally diverse groups, especially where there is a serious communication problem.Cros s-cultural facts of life is incumbent to modify culturally diverse groups to live up to their potential and overcome communication difficulties. The diversity movement, tally to the homogenists, has the potential to polarize different social groups and misemploy productivity while breeding cynicism and resentment, heightening intergroup frictions and tensions, and threatening productivity, just the opposite of what managing diversity is intended to accomplish. 2 The challenge therefore is for forethought to manage the tension produced by heterogeneity versus homogeneity. If properly managed, organizations can reap the benefits of greater diversity. Aside from proper management, organizations need to learn to send word and value diversity before the benefits of diversity can be fully realized. To achieve this, diversity training programs may help people in organizations understand and value diversity. FLEXIBILITY Globalization and diversity trends are forcing organizations to become more pliable and adaptable.To be able to function globally and to embrace diversity, leaders and employees in organizations have to become more flexible and develop a wider repertoire of skills and strategies in working with diverse groups of people in the workplace as well as in the marketplace. The rejoinder to increased diversity has, in many cases, been increased organizational flexibility. near organizations allow workers to have very different work arrangements (e. g. flex-time) and payment schedules. Some organizations (and workers) have found it contented to treat some workers as independent consultants alternatively than employees.In certain occupations, advances in communication and information technologies have enabled telecommuting working at home via computer. One consequence of this is the blurring of boundaries between work and home, and where and when work occurs. The benefits of greater flexibility may be countered by the negative consequences of workin g 24/7 including higher focussing and burnout. The response to increased competition, however, has resulted in a tension generated by the demands to be flexible and yet obligate some stability as changes are employ in organizations.To stay competitive, organizations are constantly changing and restructuring to increase flexibility and decrease costs. Business process reengineering, business process out-sourcing, job redesign, and other approaches to optimize business processes have been implemented to increase practicable and process cogency while reducing the costs of doing business. repositions in business and operational processes need time to stabilize for employees to learn the new processes, become old(prenominal) with them, and be able to operate effectively and efficiently.Yet, competitive pressures can cause organizations to go through a series of changes without giving employees adequate time for learn and training, and for the benefits of the change to be fully re alized in the organization. FLAT In a greater competitive marketplace, speed or response time is fine. How organizations response to customers and other stakeholders or be the first to market may authorize a significant difference as time is at a premium. Organizations that can develop new technologies blistering or can adapt to changes in the market faster are the ones that will survive the competition.To maximize response time, organizations have been flattening their hierarchies and structures, in addition to other initiatives such as downsizing and networking. Flat organizations make decisions more right away because each person is closer to the ultimate decision-makers. There are fewer levels of management, and workers are empowered to make decisions. Decision-making becomes modify. However, flat organizations create a new tension between decentralization and centralization. Among the drivers of decentralization are communications technologies that allow companies to push decision-making away from the core.Proponents of decentralization express the idea that less hierarchical organizations mirror the efficiencies of the networks that enable them they are faster, more resilient, more antiphonal, more flexible and more innovative. Also, they argue, people who work within decentralized organizations feel empowered and energized. They do not need to focus on the chain of command and they do not feel constrained by it. Organizations are caught between the opposing forces of centralization and decentralization.They want to supplement the opportunities offered by decentralization and create more warm and forceful organizations, but they cannot always do so because the forces of centralization come into play. There are lucid benefits to centralization as control is comparatively tighter and obligation is watcher compared to a flatter, more decentralized organizational structure. condition the example of IT operations. The key to a centralized organiz ations success is its responsiveness. If the centralized operation can be responsive to the need of the business, then that approach can make sense.Several companies, such as DaimlerChrysler and PepsiCo, have migrated back to modify IT operations after attempts at decentralization. 3 The debate over the centralization versus decentralization of operations in organizations is an persistent one. It is an age-old battle of standardization versus autonomy, corporate efficiency versus local effectiveness and pressure on costs and resources versus accommodation of specific local needs. 4 Vacillation between centralization and decentralization is both non-productive and unnecessary.Organizations, as they confide to become flatter, will need to be clear about how they need to respond to the tension between centralization and decentralization. 4 NETWORKS Organizations that flatten tend to encourage level communication among workers. Rather than working through the organizational hierarc hy, it is often faster for workers who need to coordinate with each other simply to communicate directly. Such organizations are highly networked. Another meaning of networked organizations refers to their relations to other organizations.Organizations that have downsized to just their core competencies must then outsource all the functions that used to be done in-house. To avoid losing time and effort managing contracts with suppliers, organizations have intentional to develop close ties to their suppliers so that social mechanisms of coordination convert legal mechanisms, which are slow and costly. Networked organizations are particularly important in industries with complex products where technologies and customer needs change rapidly, such as in high technology industries.Close ties among a set of companies enables them to work with each other in ways that are faster than arms-length contracts would permit, and yet retains the flexibility of being able to cut the relationship if needed (as opposed to performing the function in-house). The trend towards networked organizations and structures create a new tension between interdependence and independence. The forces of aggregation and disaggregation throw up new challenges for organizations, for example, the use of independent contractors, joint ventures, strategic partnerships and alliances even with competitors. 1 One advantage of networks is that organizations have greater flexibility and thus they can become more competitive in the global marketplace. Another advantage is that organizations do not require that many resources such as employee benefits, office space, and financing for new business ventures. 1 On the other hand, networks have distinct disadvantages. Organizations may find it more difficult to control lumber of goods or services as they now have to depend on their partners in the networks to deliver the quality that is desired.Legal and contracting expertise as well as negotiation experti se will also be important for networks. Alternative forms of control may need to be developed to control quality. Alternative mechanisms for coordination may also need to be developed to manage the growing constellation and sometimes tenuous spirit of other partner organizations in the network. 1 CONCLUSION on the whole the five trends Globalization, Diversity, Flexibility, Flat, and Network and the tensions they produce result in greater organizational or system complexity for both leaders and employees in organizations. The tensions produced by these trends cannot be solved.They have to be managed. Effective approaches in organizational change will involve not one strategy but many alternatives and will require leaders and employees to develop greater resilience in confronting these tensions. ChangeTrends and Tensions in Organizations Trends Tensions 1. Globalization Global versus local anesthetic 2. Diversity Heterogeneity versus Homogeneity 3.Flexibility Flexibility versus stability 4. Flat Centralization versus Decentralization 5. Networks Interdependence versus liberty Planning and managing change, both cultural and technological, is one of the most challenging elements of a leader in an organization. Obviously, the more a leader can plan in anticipation of a change, the better he/she serves her subordinates or employees and the organization.Diagnosing the causes of change and structuring a program to promote a smooth transition to the new process, structure, and so on, is critical to the leader as well as the managements success.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 -No Author Trends in Organizational Change. Available at http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Tr-Z/Trends-in-Organizational-Change. html